分析化学Analytical chemistry

按原理分为化学分析（以化学反应为基础，包括重量分析和滴定分析，常称“经典分析”）和仪器分析（以物理或物理化学性质为基础，包括光谱分析、电化学分析、色谱分析、质谱分析、热分析、核磁共振等）。按样品量分为常量、半微量、微量和超微量分析；按被测组分含量分为常量组分（> 1%）、微量组分（0.01%–1%）和痕量组分（< 0.01%）分析。

By principle it divides into chemical analysis, based on reactions and including gravimetry and titrimetry (often called classical analysis), and instrumental analysis, based on physical or physicochemical properties and including spectroscopy, electroanalysis, chromatography, mass spectrometry, thermal analysis and NMR. By sample size it ranges from macro through semi-micro and micro to ultramicro analysis, and by analyte level from major (above 1%) through minor (0.01–1%) to trace (below 0.01%).

古代试金术用火试法检验金银纯度。18 世纪拉瓦锡用精确称量奠定了定量化学；19 世纪贝采利乌斯、盖-吕萨克、莫尔、弗雷泽纽斯建立了系统的定性分析和容量分析；1860 年本生和基尔霍夫创立光谱分析。20 世纪电子技术推动仪器分析迅猛发展：极谱法（海洛夫斯基，1959 年诺贝尔化学奖）、色谱法（马丁和辛格，1952 年）、核磁共振（恩斯特，1991 年）、质谱（芬恩和田中耕一，2002 年）等多次获奖。

Ancient assayers tested gold and silver by fire. In the eighteenth century Lavoisier's precise weighing founded quantitative chemistry; in the nineteenth Berzelius, Gay-Lussac, Mohr and Fresenius established systematic qualitative and volumetric analysis, and Bunsen and Kirchhoff created spectral analysis in 1860. In the twentieth century electronics drove the rise of instrumental analysis, with Nobel Prizes for polarography (Heyrovský, 1959), chromatography (Martin and Synge, 1952), NMR (Ernst, 1991) and mass spectrometry (Fenn and Tanaka, 2002), among others.

分析化学被称为科学研究的“眼睛”，贯穿新材料研发、药物质量控制、临床诊断、环境监测、食品安全、法医鉴定、地质勘探、考古断代和空间探测等领域。当代分析化学向高灵敏度、高选择性、原位、实时、单分子和单细胞分析以及大数据与人工智能方向发展。

Called the 'eyes' of science, analytical chemistry runs through materials development, drug quality control, clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, food safety, forensics, geological prospecting, archaeological dating and space exploration. Today it is moving toward greater sensitivity and selectivity, in-situ and real-time measurement, single-molecule and single-cell analysis, and big data and artificial intelligence.