有机命名中英对照Organic nomenclature — Chinese ↔ English
有机化合物的中文系统命名依据中国化学会《有机化合物命名原则 2017》，英文系统命名依据国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（IUPAC）《有机化学命名法：2013 年建议及优选名称》（Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013）。
Chinese systematic names follow the Chinese Chemical Society's Principles of Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 2017; English systematic names follow the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013.
碳数词根Carbon-count stems
1–10 个碳用天干“甲乙丙丁戊己庚辛壬癸”，11 个碳起用中文数字。英文 20 碳的词根是 icos-（旧作 eicos-）。
One to ten carbons use the ten Heavenly Stems 甲乙丙丁戊己庚辛壬癸; from eleven on Chinese uses ordinary numerals. The English stem for 20 is icos- (older eicos-).
| 碳数 | 词根 | Stem | 烷烃 | Alkane |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 甲 | meth- | 甲烷 | methane |
| 2 | 乙 | eth- | 乙烷 | ethane |
| 3 | 丙 | prop- | 丙烷 | propane |
| 4 | 丁 | but- | 丁烷 | butane |
| 5 | 戊 | pent- | 戊烷 | pentane |
| 6 | 己 | hex- | 己烷 | hexane |
| 7 | 庚 | hept- | 庚烷 | heptane |
| 8 | 辛 | oct- | 辛烷 | octane |
| 9 | 壬 | non- | 壬烷 | nonane |
| 10 | 癸 | dec- | 癸烷 | decane |
| 11 | 十一 | undec- | 十一烷 | undecane |
| 12 | 十二 | dodec- | 十二烷 | dodecane |
| 13 | 十三 | tridec- | 十三烷 | tridecane |
| 14 | 十四 | tetradec- | 十四烷 | tetradecane |
| 15 | 十五 | pentadec- | 十五烷 | pentadecane |
| 16 | 十六 | hexadec- | 十六烷 | hexadecane |
| 17 | 十七 | heptadec- | 十七烷 | heptadecane |
| 18 | 十八 | octadec- | 十八烷 | octadecane |
| 19 | 十九 | nonadec- | 十九烷 | nonadecane |
| 20 | 二十 | icos- | 二十烷 | icosane |
倍数词 Multiplying prefixes
相同取代基合并写，中文用“二、三、四”，英文用 di-、tri-、tetra-；取代基本身带取代基时英文改用 bis-、tris-。位次之间用逗号，位次与汉字之间用短横：2,3-二甲基丁烷 ↔ 2,3-dimethylbutane。
Identical substituents are combined: Chinese 二, 三, 四; English di-, tri-, tetra-, or bis-, tris- when the substituent is itself substituted. Locants are separated by commas and joined to words by hyphens: 2,3-二甲基丁烷 ↔ 2,3-dimethylbutane.
| 数目 | 中文 | 简单取代基 | 复杂取代基 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 二 | di- | bis- |
| 3 | 三 | tri- | tris- |
| 4 | 四 | tetra- | tetrakis- |
| 5 | 五 | penta- | pentakis- |
| 6 | 六 | hexa- | hexakis- |
常见取代基Common substituent groups
| 结构 Group | 中文 | English | 另称 Also |
|---|---|---|---|
| –CH₃ | 甲基 | methyl | |
| –CH₂CH₃ | 乙基 | ethyl | |
| –CH₂CH₂CH₃ | 丙基 | propyl | |
| –CH(CH₃)₂ | 异丙基 | propan-2-yl | isopropyl |
| –CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ | 丁基 | butyl | |
| –CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ | 异丁基 | 2-methylpropyl | isobutyl |
| –CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃ | 仲丁基 | butan-2-yl | sec-butyl |
| –C(CH₃)₃ | 叔丁基 | tert-butyl | 2-methylpropan-2-yl |
| –CH=CH₂ | 乙烯基 | ethenyl | vinyl |
| –CH₂CH=CH₂ | 烯丙基 | prop-2-en-1-yl | allyl |
| –C≡CH | 乙炔基 | ethynyl | |
| –C₆H₅ | 苯基 | phenyl | Ph |
| –CH₂C₆H₅ | 苄基 | benzyl | phenylmethyl |
| –C₆H₁₁ | 环己基 | cyclohexyl | |
| –F / –Cl / –Br / –I | 氟 / 氯 / 溴 / 碘 | fluoro / chloro / bromo / iodo | 取代基名不加“基” no -yl |
| –OH | 羟基 | hydroxy | |
| –OCH₃ | 甲氧基 | methoxy | |
| –OC₂H₅ | 乙氧基 | ethoxy | |
| –NH₂ | 氨基 | amino | |
| –NO₂ | 硝基 | nitro | |
| –CN | 氰基 | cyano | |
| –CHO | 甲酰基 | formyl | |
| –COCH₃ | 乙酰基 | acetyl | Ac |
| –COC₆H₅ | 苯甲酰基 | benzoyl | Bz |
| =O | 氧代 | oxo | |
| –COOH | 羧基 | carboxy | |
| –COOCH₃ | 甲氧羰基 | methoxycarbonyl | |
| –SH | 巯基 | sulfanyl | mercapto |
| –SO₃H | 磺基 | sulfo |
官能团优先级与前缀、后缀Functional-group seniority, suffixes and prefixes
一个分子有多个官能团时，排在表中最上面的那个作“主官能团”，写成后缀；其余一律写成前缀。碳碳双键、三键不参加这个排序，它们改变的是母体名（-ane → -ene / -yne，烷 → 烯 / 炔）。卤素、硝基、醚只能作前缀。
When a molecule has several groups, the one highest in the table is the principal group and becomes the suffix; all others become prefixes. C=C and C≡C are not ranked here: they change the parent name (-ane → -ene / -yne, 烷 → 烯 / 炔). Halogens, nitro groups and ethers can only be prefixes.
| 优先 | 类别 Class | 作后缀 Suffix | 作前缀 Prefix | 结构 | 例子 Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 羧酸carboxylic acid | …酸 -oic acid | 羧基 carboxy- | 丙酸propanoic acid | |
| 2 | 磺酸sulfonic acid | …磺酸 -sulfonic acid | 磺基 sulfo- | 苯磺酸benzenesulfonic acid | |
| 3 | 酸酐acid anhydride | …酸酐 -oic anhydride | — — | 乙酸酐ethanoic anhydride | |
| 4 | 酯ester | …酸…酯 alkyl -oate | 烷氧羰基 alkoxycarbonyl- | 乙酸乙酯ethyl ethanoate | |
| 5 | 酰卤acyl halide | …酰卤 -oyl halide | 氯甲酰基 carbonochloridoyl- (chlorocarbonyl-) | 丙酰氯propanoyl chloride | |
| 6 | 酰胺amide | …酰胺 -amide | 氨基甲酰基 carbamoyl- | 丙酰胺propanamide | |
| 7 | 腈nitrile | …腈 -nitrile | 氰基 cyano- | 丙腈propanenitrile | |
| 8 | 醛aldehyde | …醛 -al | 氧代 / 甲酰基 oxo- / formyl- | 丙醛propanal | |
| 9 | 酮ketone | …酮 -one | 氧代 oxo- | 丙酮propanone | |
| 10 | 醇、酚alcohol, phenol | …醇 / …酚 -ol | 羟基 hydroxy- | 1-丙醇propan-1-ol | |
| 11 | 硫醇thiol | …硫醇 -thiol | 巯基 sulfanyl- | 乙硫醇ethanethiol | |
| 12 | 胺amine | …胺 -amine | 氨基 amino- | 丙胺propan-1-amine | |
| 13 | 亚胺imine | …亚胺 -imine | 亚氨基 imino- | 乙亚胺ethanimine | |
| — | 卤代烃halogen compounds | — | 氟、氯、溴、碘 fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- | 2-氯丙烷2-chloropropane | |
| — | 硝基化合物nitro compounds | — | 硝基 nitro- | 硝基苯nitrobenzene | |
| — | 醚ethers | — | 烷氧基 alkoxy- | 乙氧基乙烷（乙醚）ethoxyethane |
命名步骤Naming step by step
找出主官能团，确定后缀（查上表）。
Find the principal characteristic group and so the suffix (use the table above).
选主链：必须含主官能团；在此前提下选最长的碳链。
Choose the parent chain: it must contain the principal group; then take the longest chain.
编号：让主官能团的位次尽可能小，其次是双键、三键，再次是取代基。
Number the chain so the principal group gets the lowest locant, then multiple bonds, then substituents.
写出取代基的位次和名称，相同的合并（二、三 / di-, tri-）。
Name and number the substituents, combining identical ones (二, 三 / di-, tri-).
排列取代基并组合成全名（中英文的排列规则不同，见下）。
Order the substituents and assemble the name (the ordering rule differs between the languages; see below).
中英命名的四处不同 Four places where Chinese and English differ
取代基的先后顺序 Order of substituents
英文按取代基英文名的字母顺序排列，di-、tri-、sec-、tert- 不参与排序（iso- 参与）。许多中文教材沿用 1980 年规则：按“次序规则”，较简单的基团在前、较优基团在后，所以同一个分子中英文的取代基顺序可能相反。中国化学会 2017 年规则对此有调整，以所用教材为准。
English lists substituents alphabetically, ignoring di-, tri-, sec- and tert- (iso- counts). Many Chinese textbooks keep the 1980 rule: order by the sequence rules, simpler groups first and senior groups last, so the two languages can list the same substituents in opposite orders. The Chinese Chemical Society's 2017 rules revised this; follow your textbook.
位次的位置 Where the locant goes
现行 IUPAC 规则把位次紧贴在它所指的后缀或双键前面：but-2-ene、propan-1-ol。中文和旧式英文把位次放在最前面：2-丁烯、1-丙醇，旧英文 2-butene、1-propanol。
Current IUPAC usage puts the locant directly before the part it refers to: but-2-ene, propan-1-ol. Chinese and older English put it at the front: 2-丁烯, 1-丙醇; older English 2-butene, 1-propanol.
酯的名称 Naming esters
中文先酸后醇：“乙酸乙酯”；英文先写醇的烷基、再写酸根：ethyl ethanoate。
Chinese names the acid first and the alcohol part second (乙酸乙酯); English names the alkyl group from the alcohol first, then the -oate: ethyl ethanoate.
不饱和键与主链 Multiple bonds and the main chain
1980 年规则和不少高中教材要求主链尽量包含双键、三键；IUPAC 2013 改为先选最长链。下面这个分子就是例子：按旧规则主链是含双键的五碳链，按 IUPAC 2013 主链是六碳链。考试以教材为准。
The 1980 Chinese rules, and many school texts, choose a main chain that includes the multiple bonds; IUPAC 2013 takes the longest chain first. The molecule below is a case in point: the old rule picks the five-carbon chain through the double bond, IUPAC 2013 the six-carbon chain. Follow your textbook.
例子Worked examples
俗名与系统名对照Trivial and systematic names
英文教材多用系统名（ethanoic acid、propanone、methylbenzene、phenylamine），中文教材和日常多用俗名。下表两边都列出。
English-language textbooks mostly use systematic names (ethanoic acid, propanone, methylbenzene, phenylamine); Chinese textbooks and everyday use favour trivial names. The table gives both.
| 俗名 | 系统名 | Systematic | Common name | 说明 Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 醋酸 | 乙酸 | ethanoic acid | acetic acid | 系统名 ethanoic acid |
| 蚁酸 | 甲酸 | methanoic acid | formic acid | 系统名 methanoic acid |
| 草酸 | 乙二酸 | ethanedioic acid | oxalic acid | 系统名 ethanedioic acid |
| 安息香酸 | 苯甲酸 | benzoic acid | ||
| 水杨酸 | 2-羟基苯甲酸 | 2-hydroxybenzoic acid | salicylic acid | |
| 乳酸 | 2-羟基丙酸 | 2-hydroxypropanoic acid | lactic acid | |
| 柠檬酸 | 2-羟基丙烷-1,2,3-三羧酸 | 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid | citric acid | |
| 酒精 | 乙醇 | ethanol | ethyl alcohol | |
| 木精 | 甲醇 | methanol | wood alcohol | |
| 异丙醇 | 2-丙醇 | propan-2-ol | isopropyl alcohol | |
| 甘油 | 丙三醇 | propane-1,2,3-triol | glycerol | |
| 甘醇 | 乙二醇 | ethane-1,2-diol | ethylene glycol | |
| 石炭酸 | 苯酚 | phenol | carbolic acid | |
| 福尔马林 | 甲醛水溶液（约 37%） | aqueous methanal | formalin | 甲醛本身为 methanal methanal itself |
| 乙醛 | 乙醛 | ethanal | acetaldehyde | 系统名 ethanal |
| 丙酮 | 丙酮 | propanone | acetone | 系统名 propanone |
| 乙醚 | 乙氧基乙烷 | ethoxyethane | diethyl ether | |
| 氯仿 | 三氯甲烷 | trichloromethane | chloroform | |
| 四氯化碳 | 四氯甲烷 | tetrachloromethane | carbon tetrachloride | |
| 电石气 | 乙炔 | ethyne | acetylene | 系统名 ethyne |
| 乙烯 | 乙烯 | ethene | ethylene | 系统名 ethene |
| 丙烯 | 丙烯 | propene | propylene | 系统名 propene |
| 氯乙烯 | 氯乙烯 | chloroethene | vinyl chloride | PVC = poly(chloroethene) |
| 苯乙烯 | 苯乙烯 | ethenylbenzene | styrene | |
| 甲苯 | 甲苯 | methylbenzene | toluene | 系统名 methylbenzene |
| 苯胺 | 苯胺 | phenylamine | aniline | 系统名 phenylamine |
| 乙二胺 | 1,2-二氨基乙烷 | ethane-1,2-diamine | ethylenediamine (en) | 也写 1,2- diaminoethane |
| 尿素 | 碳酰二胺 | urea | carbamide | |
| 甘氨酸 | 2-氨基乙酸 | 2-aminoethanoic acid | glycine |